Turkish invasion of Cyprus - Wikipedia. Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Part of the Cyprus dispute. Ethnic map of Cyprus in 1. Yellow denotes Greek Cypriots, purple denotes Turkish Cypriot enclaves and red denotes British bases. It was launched on 2. July 1. 97. 4, following the Cypriot coup d'. It deposed the Cypriot president Archbishop Makarios III and installed pro- Enosis. Nikos Sampson. The Greek military junta collapsed and was replaced by a democratic government. In August 1. 97. 4 further Turkish invasion resulted in the capture of approximately 4. The ceasefire line from August 1. United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus and is commonly referred to as the Green Line. More than one quarter of the population of Cyprus (one- third of the Greek Cypriot population. A little over a year later in 1. Turkish Cypriots, amounting to half the Turkish Cypriot population. In 1. 98. 3 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) declared independence, although Turkey is the only country that recognizes it. Among Turkish speakers the operation is also referred as . The island and its population was later leased to Britain by the Cyprus Convention, an agreement reached during the Congress of Berlin in 1. United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. Britain formally annexed Cyprus (together with Egypt and Sudan) on 5 November 1. Article 2. 0 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1. Turkish claim to the island. However, the elites of both communities shared the belief that they were socially more progressive (better educated and less conservative) and therefore distinct from the mainlanders. Greek and Turkish Cypriots lived quietly side by side for many years. The British applied the principle of . Although economic development and increased education reduced the explicitly religious characteristics of the two communities, the growth of nationalism on the two mainlands increased the significance of other differences. Turkish nationalism was at the core of the revolutionary program promoted by the father of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atat. President of the Republic of Turkey from 1. Atat. Traditional education with a religious foundation was discarded and replaced with one that followed secular principles and, shorn of Arab and Persian influences, was purely Turkish. Turkish Cypriots quickly adopted the secular program of Turkish nationalism. Being thoroughly secular, Atat. EOKA was a Greek nationalist organization. EOKA wished to remove all obstacles from their path to independence, or union with Greece. The first secret talks for EOKA, as a nationalist organization established to integrate the island with Greece, were started under the chairmanship of Archbishop Makarios III in Athens on 2 July 1. In the aftermath of these meetings a . In early 1. 95. 4 secret weaponry shipments to Cyprus started with the knowledge of the Greek government. Georgios Grivas, formerly an officer in the Greek army, covertly disembarked on the island on 9 November 1.
EOKA's campaign against the British forces began to grow. EOKA also killed Greek Cypriot leftists. Turkish Cypriots were recruited into the police by the British forces to fight against Greek Cypriots, but EOKA initially did not want to open up a second front against Turkish Cypriots. However, in January 1. EOKA forces began targeting and killing Turkish Cypriot police deliberately to provoke Turkish Cypriot riots in Nicosia, which diverted the British army's attention away from their positions in the mountains. In the riots, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and this was presented by the Greek Cypriot leadership as an act of Turkish aggression. It was later supported and organized directly by the Turkish government. Directed by Jonathan Liebesman. With Aaron Eckhart, Michelle Rodriguez, Bridget Moynahan, Ramon Rodriguez. Marines becomes the last line of defense against a global invasion. Find out what's in the latest issue of NME Magazine. You can also view recent back issues and find subscription information. The ship was stopped and the crew were caught red- handed in the infamous . The agreement created a foundation for the Republic of Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities, although the republic was seen as a necessary compromise between the two reluctant communities. Greek Cypriots wanted to end the separate Turkish Cypriot municipal councils permitted by the British in 1. For many Greek Cypriots these municipalities were the first stage on the way to the partition they feared. The Greek Cypriots wanted enosis, integration with Greece, while Turkish Cypriots wanted taksim, partition between Greece and Turkey. In accordance with the constitution 3. Turkish community despite being only 1. Frustrated by these impasses and believing that the constitution prevented enosis. The 1. 96. 0 constitution fell apart and communal violence erupted on December 2. Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. Meanwhile, within a week of the violence flaring up, the Turkish army contingent had moved out of its barracks and seized the most strategic position on the island across the Nicosia to Kyrenia road, the historic jugular vein of the island. They retained control of that road until 1. Turkey's military invasion. From 1. 96. 3 up to the point of the Turkish invasion of 2. July 1. 97. 4, Greek Cypriots who wanted to use the road could only do so if accompanied by a UN convoy. The violence resulted in the death of 3. Turkish and 1. 74 Greek Cypriots. The intensified fighting especially around areas under the control of Turkish Cypriot militias, as well as the failure of the constitution were used as justification for a possible Turkish invasion. Turkey was on the brink of invading when US president Johnson stated, in his famous letter of 5 June 1. US was against a possible invasion and stated that he would not come to the aid of Turkey if an invasion of Cyprus led to conflict with the Soviet Union. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly refused to withdraw due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. The republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops. Once again, the situation was not settled until Turkey threatened to invade on the basis that it would be protecting the Turkish population from ethnic cleansing by Greek Cypriot forces. To avoid that, a compromise was reached for Greece to be forced to remove some of its troops from the island; for Georgios Grivas, EOKA leader, to be forced to leave Cyprus and for the Cypriot government to lift some restrictions of movement and access to supplies of the Turkish populations. In the autumn of 1. November student uprising there had been a further coup in Athens in which the original Greek junta had been replaced by one still more obscurantist headed by the Chief of Military Police, Brigadier Ioannides, though the actual head of state was General Phaedon Gizikis. Ioannides believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer. On 1. 5 July 1. 97. Cypriot National Guard, led by its Greek officers, overthrew the government. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to Paphos, where the British managed to retrieve him by Westland Whirlwind. Sampson was a Greek ultra nationalist who was known to be fanatically anti- Turkish and had taken part in violence against Turkish civilians in earlier conflicts. These demands included the immediate removal of Nikos Sampson, the withdrawal of 6. Greek officers from the Cypriot National Guard, the admission of Turkish troops to protect their population, equal rights for both populations, and access to the sea from the northern coast for Turkish Cypriots. Britain declined this offer, and refused to let Turkey use its bases on Cyprus as part of the operation. Heavily armed troops landed shortly before dawn at Kyrenia (Girne) on the northern coast meeting resistance from Greek and Greek Cypriot forces. Ankara said that it was invoking its right under the Treaty of Guarantee to protect the Turkish Cypriots and guarantee the independence of Cyprus. Following this, according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot. Greek political leaders in exile started returning to the country. On 2. 4 July 1. 97. Constantine Karamanlis returned from Paris and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He decided for Greece not to enter the war. He said that Cyprus is far, an act that was highly criticized as an act of treason. Shortly after this Nikos Sampson renounced the presidency and Glafcos Clerides temporarily took the role of president. There they issued a declaration that the Turkish occupation zone should not be extended, that the Turkish enclaves should immediately be evacuated by the Greeks, and that a further conference should be held at Geneva with the two Cypriot communities present to restore peace and re- establish constitutional government. In advance of this they made two observations, one upholding the 1. They called for the Turkish Vice- President to resume his functions, but they also noted 'the existence in practice of two autonomous administrations, that of the Greek Cypriot community and that of the Turkish Cypriot community'. By the time that the second Geneva conference met on 1. August 1. 97. 4, international sympathy (which had been with the Turks in their first attack) was swinging back towards Greece now that she had restored democracy. At the second round of peace talks, Turkey demanded that the Cypriot government accept its plan for a federal state, and population transfer. Even if the telephone line is tapped, that would rouse no suspicion. On 1. 4 August Turkey launched its . Britain's then foreign secretary (later prime minister) James Callaghan later disclosed that U. S. Secretary of State. Henry Kissinger . Turkish occupation reaching as far south as the Louroujina Salient. In the process, many Greek Cypriots became refugees. The number of refugees is estimated to be between 1. On 1. 3 February 1. Turkey declared the occupied areas of the Republic of Cyprus to be a .
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |